燃煤电厂铅的迁移转化研究

采集我国6台有代表性电站锅炉的烟气以及燃煤、飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等样品,通过测试燃煤和燃煤副产物中铅含量以及烟气中铅的形态分布,考察了燃煤电厂铅的迁移转化规律及烟气常规污染物控制技术对大气铅排放的影响.结果表明,煤粉炉燃煤过程中,煤中铅释放强度高,平均释放率为97.11%;循环流化床锅炉铅的释放率相对较低,约为84.99%.锅炉出口烟气中铅主要为颗粒态铅(Pbp),比例高达86%~92%,并且与燃煤中氯含量具有正相关性.烟气污染物控制装置对大气铅具有协同脱除效果,尤其是除尘装置.静电除尘对铅的平均脱除效率为91.85%,布袋除尘为95.12%.石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置可脱除35.67%~77.81%铅,脱除效率主要与脱硫塔操作条件有关.燃煤中的铅经过燃烧和烟气污染物控制装置后,81.97%~90.18%转移到飞灰中,具有高富集性;脱硫石膏中的铅占3.94%~11.82%;只有1.75%~5.40%通过烟囱排入大气.     

不同排污收费情景下的发电企业减排模型研究

考虑未来多种污染物排污收费情景及区域电力需求的固有随机特性,建立了2阶段电源规划优化模型,分析了不同排污收费情景、不同电力需求水平下的区域电力结构变化以及污染物和CO2减排策略.在同时征收SO2排污费和CO2排放费的情景(情景3)下,清洁能源发电在发电系统中的比重增加,以煤电为主的火电比重下降;系统减排CO2 8.438′106t,同时协同减排SO2 5202t、NOx 7854t、颗粒物17.42t,但系统费用会显著增加.在同时征收SO2、NOx排污费和CO2排放费的情景下,系统减排SO2 8515t、NOx 13878t、颗粒物23.52t、CO2 12.988′106t,同时系统费用也会进一步增加.在目前征收SO2排污费的基础上征收CO2排放费或同时征收NOx排放费和CO2排放费,可以提高清洁发电方式在发电系统中的比重,降低SO2、NOx和CO2的排放量.     

Interactions of Endocrine-active environmental chemicals with the nuclear receptor PXR

There is growing concern about the human-health impact of environmental chemicals that have the potential to disrupt normal endocrine function. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) include structurally diverse organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), plasticizers, fungicides, herbicides and pharmaceutical compounds, and can have a profound impact on development, and on reproductive, neurological and immune system functions. While many studies have focused on the role of androgen receptor, estrogen receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mediating the effects of EDCs, other nuclear receptors that regulate steroid hormone action and metabolism may also serve as targets of EDC action. This review focuses on two classes of EDCs, PCBs and phthalate monoesters, both of which have been shown to interact with pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates a large number of target genes, many of which have important roles in steroid metabolism and transport. Recent findings on the ability of PCBs and phthalate monoesters to activate PXR are discussed and the potential role of PXR and other intracellular receptor proteins in mediating toxicities associated with EDC exposure is considered. Finally, we discuss several gaps in our knowledge regarding the actions of EDCs and the difficulties associated with the evaluation of risks associated with exposure to these endocrine active environmental chemicals.     

Genetic profile of overweight and obese school-age children

Obesity is associated with overproduction of free radicals that promotes genotoxicity and could be measured as micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) in buccal mucosa cells. The frequency of MN and NA in buccal mucosa cells from overweight and obesity school-age children was determined. In a cross-sectional study, four anthropometric parameters were obtained from each child and one buccal mucosa sample was collected from each child. The slides were stained with orcein and fast green and microscopically analyzed for MN and NA. Twenty overweight and obesity school-age children (7–11 years old) from three schools located at the metropolitan area of Guadalajara were selected to form three groups with 20 children each, according to the weight features as follows: (1) normal weight; (2) overweight; and (3) obesity. No marked differences were found between groups for frequency of MN and NA. Genotoxicity, as indicated by increase in binucleated (BN) cells, was found in children within both overweight and obese groups exposed to passive tobacco smoke. There was no evidence of genetic instability in overweight and obese school-age children and no associations between body weight and genotoxicity markers found.     

In vitro anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties of Oldenlandia auricularia

Abstract

The in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of extract of Oldenlandia auricularia with 70% aqueous alcohol have been evaluated. The inhibition of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in lipopolysaccharide stimulated murine macrophage cells was evaluated. Messenger ribonucleic acid levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 were analysed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. O. auricularia (100?mg/L) showed better anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities when compared to its lower doses, whereas the standard drugs curcumin and diclofenac sodium showed significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Treatment at this concentration inhibited the signalling pathway of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and messenger ribonucleic acid expression of tumor necrosis factor- α, and cyclooxygenase-2. Liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed the presence of previously reported compounds auricularine, ursolic acid and β-sitosterol. The observed anti-inflammatory property of O. auricularia could be due to the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65 sub unit nuclear translocation and inhibition of its signalling pathway.     

吉林电网的暴雨灾害风险等级区划与评估研究

开展暴雨灾害对电网安全的风险等级区划与评估,可以指导电网的规划设计、建设、运行,最大限度保证电网安全.从风险评估四要素出发,充分考虑各要素的空间差异和权重差异,构建了等级划分标准,开展了风险区划和分区评价.结果表明:暴雨洪涝对吉林电网危害最高的地区是长春部分地区、吉林市辖区和通化的集安地区;其次是长春大部、四平大部、吉林部分地区和延边州的珲春部分地区;风险最低的地区主要在白城部分地区、白山部分地区及延边大部.从风险区划各指标的分析来看,通化地区南部的高风险性是由致灾因子的高危险性起主要作用,而吉林省中部地区的高、中风险性是由其孕灾环境的高敏感性及承灾体的高易损性引起的.     

How near is near? The distance perceptions of residents of a nuclear emergency planning zone

This paper reports the results of a study conducted within the emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the Nine Mile Point (NMP) nuclear complex located in Oswego County, New York. An EPZ is the area in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant for which detailed plans are implemented for the management of emergencies and for the communication of the risks of nuclear energy production. EPZs are subdivided into emergency response planning areas (ERPAs) according to distance from the plant. This study aimed at discovering how residents of the NMP EPZ perceived distance to the nuclear plant. Distance was conceptualized in five different and complementary ways: estimated straight line distance, estimated driving distance, actual straight distance, actual driving distance and perceived distance. The results indicate that people living at a very short distance from the nuclear plant perceive and estimate distance differently than people living farther away. These results have policy implications and suggest alternative and potentially more efficient ways to redesign ERPAs. Fundamental geographic variables and concepts such as distance, location, proximity and their associated human perceptions are important human dimensions of risk analysis. These results should be of interest to nuclear emergency planners and are probably applicable to many other hazard planning activities.     

风电机组噪声预测

在已有后缘为钝形双叶片风电机组噪声预测模型基础上,结合我国风力发电机组叶片形状及其辐射噪声的频谱特性等,对预测模型进行了修正.通过对3台不同型号风电机组13个测点噪声测量值和预测值对比验证表明,修正后模型能较好地反映风电机组噪声的衰减规律.在预测点与风轮中心距离大于1.5倍风轮直径时,修正后模型预测值与实测值差值在±2.5dB(A)范围内.利用修正后预测模型计算确定的风电机组噪声声功率级及指向性指数,将其代入考虑指向性的点声源模型,可用于简化预测与风轮中心距离大于3倍风轮直径处的噪声.     

机动车排放污染的速度-加速度耦合影响分析

利用OBS-2200车载测试系统,分别在高峰期、平峰期和低峰期的天津市典型路段进行了车载测试,并获得了碳氢化合物(HC)、一氧化碳(CO)和氮氧化物(NOx)等车辆排放的污染物的逐秒数据.结果显示在这3个时段内,车辆的加速度大都集中在-1.5~1.5m/s2,速度大都集中在0~70km/h,并且HC、CO和NOx的最高排放率为0.0673、0.706和0.0178g/s,都集中在高速(速度(v)>30km/h, 加速度(a)>0.5m/s2)工况范围内.通过拟合发现,HC、CO和NOx的排放率与比功率(Vehicle Specific Power,简称VSP)之间的拟合决定系数分别为0.71、0.86和0.85,相关性较高,说明VSP可以作为评价车辆排放率的一个重要参考性指标.     

风电场生命周期CO2排放核算与不确定性分析

提出了风力发电技术生命周期能耗和CO2排放核算的详细方法.应用上海某风电场数据进行核算,结果认为,风机生产阶段能耗和CO2排放占风电场生命周期能耗和CO2排放的比例均为最大,分别为68.23%和67.18%.不确定性分析认为,在所有强度参数中,钢生产综合能耗最为灵敏.风电场能耗强度和CO2强度分别为3.24gce/(kW?h)和9.47g/(kW?h),明显低于300MW火力发电机组的相同指标,分别为330gce/(kW?h)和915g/(kW?h). 20a服役期的50MW风电场满期后,同比300MW火电机组少排放CO2约234万t.